Post-Quantum Cryptography Algorithms represent the critical security infrastructure designed to protect digital systems against the threat of quantum computing power, which could potentially break all existing public-key encryption standards. Developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other global standardization bodies, PQC algorithms are based on mathematical problems that are believed to be computationally hard even for quantum computers, such as lattice-based cryptography, code-based cryptography, and multivariate polynomial cryptography. Unlike traditional encryption methods, PQC algorithms do not rely on the difficulty of factoring large integers or computing discrete logarithms, which quantum computers can solve efficiently using Shor’s algorithm. The global transition to PQC is accelerating, with major tech companies including Google, Microsoft, and IBM already implementing quantum-resistant protocols in their products. The U.S. government has mandated federal agencies to begin transitioning to PQC by 2028, while the European Union has allocated €1.2 billion for post-quantum cybersecurity initiatives. PQC algorithms not only ensure data confidentiality but also maintain digital signatures, secure multi-party computation, and blockchain integrity in the quantum era.